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Over a thousand people filled the grounds of the Minnesota State Capitol

 in St. Paul last week and vowed to continue their fight against Line 3.

They erected tipis and held ceremonial dances and prayers. They listened to speeches by activists including Nancy Beaulieu, a founder of the RISE Coalition, which stands for Resilient Indigenous Sisters Engaging, who told the crowd that the crude oil pipeline endangers Indigenous treaty rights.

"We're going to continue to show up, and we're going to continue to assert our rights,” Beaulieu said. “We, as native people, have an inherent right to hunt, fish, gather and occupy."

At the same time, in northern Minnesota, more than 3,000 workers continued the final stages of construction on the 340-mile stretch of pipeline. Enbridge says the new Line 3 is on track to be operating by the fourth quarter of this year.

 delivered opinions upholding state regulators' approval of the project.

But even as legal options dwindle, opponents plan to continue contesting Line 3 through protests and in court — even after oil begins flowing from Canada’s Alberta province.

"We will absolutely continue not only in the legal fight but also in the calls to the Biden administration to exert the power that they still have,” said Moneen Nasmith, a senior attorney for Earthjustice, one of the environmental groups opposing the project.

Opponents are pressuring President Joe Biden’s administration

 to cancel the federal water permit for the project issued by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Their legal appeal of that permit is still pending.

What you need to know

The Line 3 debate

There's also an unusual lawsuit filed in tribal court by the White Earth Nation against the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources 

. The DNR has asked a federal court to block the suit. That case is unlikely to be resolved before major work on the pipeline wraps up. 

But it's part of a wider movement by Native American tribes pushing back on pipelines and other projects they view as an environmental risk and a violation of treaty rights.

"I think that tribes are going to be enacting their own laws,” said Joe Plumer, an attorney for the Red Lake Nation in northwestern Minnesota, which opposed Line 3. “Tribes are going to take the bull by the horns and call state actors in their official capacities into the tribal court — not for any money damages, but for injunctive relief to stop what they've been permitting."

Enbridge has argued that the existing Line 3, built in the 1960s, needs to be replaced because it’s corroding, needs extensive maintenance and is operating at reduced capacity.

The company says the new pipeline is made of thicker, coated steel and will better protect the environment from spills or leaks.

Enbridge also says the project is providing significant economic benefits for northern Minnesota counties, small businesses and tribal communities through construction jobs, local spending and tax revenue.

Over the past decade or so, there's been increased debate over how pipelines contribute to climate change — by transporting oil and natural gas that emit greenhouse gases when they're extracted, and later, when they're burned for energy.

"As awareness of those issues has grown, I think we are seeing more and more opposition to pipeline projects,” said Romany Webb, a senior fellow at the Sabin Center for Climate Change Law at Columbia Law School in New York. “And that has had implications for the approval of those projects.”

That increased scrutiny is likely to make it more difficult for new or expanded pipelines to get built in the future, even though energy companies including Enbridge argue that pipelines are needed to transport oil and gas safely and reliably.

“Certainly, fossil fuel companies are on notice that these projects are not going to just sail through quietly,” Nasmith said. “They are going to face a tremendous amount of opposition from a tremendous number of places.”

Minnesota may miss greenhouse gas emission goals

What can Minnesotans do?

The Line 3 debate has focused attention on the role of pipelines in the state’s energy transition, said Alexandra Klass, who teaches environmental and energy law at the University of Minnesota.

Minnesota has set goals of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but Klass said building new fossil fuel infrastructure designed to last 50 years or more undercuts that work.

"You can have all sorts of great policies on the books to promote renewable energy, but your progress is going to be limited," she said.

However, as the nation looks to reduce its dependence on oil and natural gas, it’s not ready to get rid of them completely, Webb said, and existing infrastructure needs to be maintained.

“We're going to continue to need some pipelines, and we may continue to need some investment in pipelines,” she said. “But we want to be careful not to over-invest.”

There's another consequence of the debate and protests over Line 3 that Klass thinks is a positive one: More young people are paying attention to energy and climate issues.

A decade ago, most high school students wouldn’t have known about the Dakota Access, Keystone XL or other pipelines, Klass said. With social media attention, the involvement of celebrities and groups like Youth Climate Intervenors, that’s changed.

"The fact that you have young people focused on fossil fuel infrastructure that's underground and they can't see, is something that I think is good,” she said.

Kirsti Marohn

Author

Opponents don't plan to give up trying to stop the pipeline, even as their legal options dwindle. They plan to continue contesting Line 3 through protests and in court even after oil begins flowing from Alberta, Canada.

As Line 3 nears completion, pipeline battles are far from over

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