How much difference will Eli Lilly's half-price insulin make?

When Erin Gilmer filled her insulin prescription at a Denver-area Walgreens in January, she paid $8.50. U.S. taxpayers paid another $280.51.

She thinks the price of insulin is too high. "It eats at me to know that taxpayer money is being wasted," says Gilmer, who was diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes while a sophomore at the University of Colorado in 2002.

The diagnosis meant that for the rest of her life she'd require daily insulin shots to stay alive. But the price of that insulin is skyrocketing.

Between 2009 and 2017 the wholesale price of a single vial of Humalog, the Eli Lilly and Company-manufactured insulin Gilmer uses, nearly tripled — rising from $92.70 to $274.70, according to data from IBM Watson Health.

Six years ago, Gilmer qualified for Social Security Disability Insurance — and thus, Medicare — because of a range of health issues. At the time, the insulin she needed cost $167.70 per vial, according to IBM Watson Health.

"When it's taxpayer money paying for medication for someone like me, it makes it a national issue, not just a diabetic issue," Gilmer says.

Stories about people with Type 1 diabetes dying when they couldn't afford insulin have made headlines. Patient advocates like Gilmer have protested high prices outside Lilly's headquarters in Indianapolis. Don't see the graphic above? Click here. Last October in Minnesota, then state Attorney General Lori Swanson sued insulin manufacturers alleging price gouging. Pharmaceutical executives were grilled about high drug prices by the Senate Finance Committee on Feb. 26. This is the backdrop for Lilly saying Monday that it is rolling out a half-priced, generic version of Humalog called "insulin lispro." The list price: $137.35 per vial. "Patients, doctors and policymakers are demanding lower list prices for medicines and lower patient costs at the pharmacy counter," Eli Lilly CEO David Ricks wrote in a blog post about the move. "You might be surprised to hear that we agree – it's time for change in our system and for consumer prices to come down." No panacea When Lilly's Humalog, the first short-acting insulin, came to market in 1996, the list price was about $21 per vial. The price didn't reach $275 overnight, but yearly price increases added up.

In February 2009, for example, the wholesale price was $92.70, according to IBM Watson Health. It rose to $99.65 in December 2009, then to $107.60 in Sept. 2010, $115.70 in May 2011, and so on.

"There's no justification for why prices should keep increasing at an average rate of 10 percent every year," says Inmaculada Hernandez of the University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy who was lead author of a January report in Health Affairs attributing the skyrocketing cost of prescription drugs to accumulated yearly price hikes.

"The public perception that we have in general is that drugs are so expensive because we need to pay for research and development, and that's true," Hernandez says. "However, usually research and development is paid for in the first years of life of a drug"

At $137.35 per vial, Lilly's generic insulin is priced at about the same level as Humalog was in 2012, 16 years after it came to market.

"We want to recognize that this is not a panacea," says company spokesman Greg Kueterman. "This is an option that we hope can help people in the current system that we work with."

It's worth noting that Humalog is a rapid-acting insulin, but that's only one of the two types of insulin most people with Type 1 diabetes use every day. The second kind is long-lasting. Lilly makes one called Basaglar. The most popular long-lasting insulin is Lantus, produced by Sanofi. Neither has a lower-cost alternative.

Still, Lilly's move on Humalog could put pressure on the other two big makers of insulin to act.

Novo Nordisk called Lilly's lower-priced generic insulin "an important development," in an emailed statement.

"Bringing affordable insulin to the market requires ideas from all stakeholders," Novo Nordisk's Ken Inchausti said in an email, which also listed steps the company has taken, such as a patient assistance program. The statement didn't say whether Novo Nordisk is considering offering a lower-priced version of its popular insulin Novolog, a rival of Humalog.

A statement from Sanofi, the third major insulin maker, also didn't say whether the company would offer lower-priced version of its insulins.

"Sanofi supports any actions that increase access to insulins for patients living with diabetes at an affordable price," spokesperson Ashleigh Koss said in the email, which also touted the company's patient assistance program.

A different kind of generic One twist in this story is that Lilly's new insulin is just a repackaged version of Humalog, minus the brand name. It's called an "authorized generic."

"Whoever came up with the term, 'authorized generic' ?" Dr. Vincent Rajkumar says laughing. Rajkumar is a hematologist at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn.

"It's the same exact drug" as the brand name, he continues.

Typically, Rajkumar says, authorized generics are introduced by brand-name drugmakers to compete with generic versions of their drugs made by rival companies.

But in the case of Humalog and other insulins, there are no generics made by competitors, as there are for, say, the cholesterol medicine Lipitor or even other diabetes drugs, such as metformin.

So when Lilly's authorized generic comes to market, the company will have both Humalog insulin and the authorized generic version of that medicine on the market.

Rajkumar says it's a public relations move.

"There's outrage over the price of insulin that is being discussed in Congress and elsewhere. And so the company basically says, 'Hey, we will make the identical product available at half price.' On the surface that sounds great," Rajkumar says.

"But you look at the problems and you think, 'OK, how crazy is this that someone is actually going to be buying the brand-name drug?' "

In fact, it's possible that Lilly could make the same or even more profit off its authorized generic than it does from the name-brand Humalog, according to University of Pittsburgh's Hernandez.

The profit margin would depend on the rebates paid by the company to insurers and pharmacy benefit managers. Rebates are getting a lot of attention these days as one factor in rising drug prices. They're usually not disclosed and increase as a drug's price increases providing an incentive to some

"Doing an authorized generic is nothing else than giving insurers two options," Hernandez says: Pay the full list price for a brand-name drug and receive a higher rebate, or pay the lower price for the authorized generic and receive a presumably smaller rebate.

"What we really need to get insulin prices down is to get generics into the market, and we need more than one," Hernandez says, adding that previous research has shown that prices begin to go down when two or three generics are competing in the marketplace.

Even so, Lillly's Kueterman says the authorized generic insulin "is going to help hopefully move the system towards a more sustainable model."

"I can guarantee you the reason that we're doing this is to help people," Kueterman says, noting the company's Diabetes Solution Center has also helped "10,000 people each month pay significantly less for their insulin" since it opened in August 2018.

For Erin Gilmer, the news about an authorized generic insulin from Lilly has left her mildly encouraged.

"It sounds really good and it will help some people, which is great," Gilmer says. "It's Eli Lilly and pharma starting to understand that grassroots activism has to be taken seriously, and we are at a tipping point."

This story is part of NPR's reporting partnership with Kaiser Health News. Freelance journalist Bram Sable-Smith can be found on Twitter: @besables. Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.